Controller



"u un Aug.3o,1960

H. J. HARTZ 2,950,729

CONTROLLER Filed March 25, 1958 v 2 Sheets-Shea?l 1 43d FIG. l 431-' 43e MEASURING ELEMENT TRANSMITTER HARRY J. HARTZ F.A.s. 39B By ATTORNEY.

Aug 30, 1960 H. J. HARTZ 2,950,729

CONTROLLER A Filed March 25, 1958 2 ShGeS-Sheet 2 F I G. 2 T 20% |5ps.. n i

Il |zs/ g 10% as. OE

REVERSE AcTTNG vALvE ml CONTROLLER A. POSITION l |fs/o L CLOSED |O2psi. E 9 S. EI.EQ.| N1 T- og |5/ OPEN spsi. l S.E T.P Q.|N T D 4% CLOSED RPSL i lO/ RB. OF

DIRECT AOTTNO CONTROLLER a,

0% TRANSMITTER 3DS OUTPUT f CONTROLLER s. F G- 3 CONTROLLER A.

.V. 9.0 M AN j INVENTOR. 24 23 HARRY J. HARTZ 4a ATTORNEY.

nite States dice coN'rnoLLnn Harry JI. Hartz, Philadelphia, Pa., assigner .to Minireapolis-.l-oneywell Regulator Company, Minneapolis, Minn., a corporation of Delaware Filed lidar. 25, 1958, Ser. N0. 723,863

8 Claims. (Cl. 137-85) This invention relates to a control system or servo mechanism comprising essentially: a measuring element, a pair of controllers, and a tinal control element.

The measuring element comprises means for sensing the variations in any one of a number of variables including: temperature, pressure, humidity, dewpoint, ow, liquid level, chemical or electrochemical composition, moisture, speed, motion, etc. The measuring instrument is connected to each of the controllers (to be described hereinafter) by means of a mechanical linkage or an electric or pneumatic transmission system.

The controller proper includes a power-amplifying relay which may be a means for varying an electric cura rent, an electric voltage, or the pressure of compressed air. Such a controller also includes a set point adjustment or means for providing a position of the controller representing that value of the controlled variable which it is desired that the controller maintain. The input to the controller is formed by the output of the linkage or transmission system from the measuring element. This input or measured variable element of the controller operates so as to cause the controller to actuate the relay in response to any movement of the controller input, due to a variation in the measured variable away from the set point, which has been selected by the set point mechanism.

The final control element comprises a motor, connected to the electric or air-pressure-amplifying relay, and a inal control element, such as a valve, operated by the motor and controlling the supply of a controlled variable to the process under control.

The final control element has a range of movement. Variations in the measured variable cause the nal control element to traverse this range of movement. The range of values of the measured variable which corresponds to the full operating range of the nal control element is known as the proportional band or throttling range.

lt is an object of this invention to provide means whereby this proportional band may be adjusted from a very wide band to a very narrow one.

lt is a further object of this invention to provide means whereby the proportional band may be selected at any point over the range of movement over the final control element.

It is yet a further object of this invention to provide a control system or servomechanismin which a single power-amplifying relay is itself controlled both by a direct-acting controller and a reverse-acting controller.

A better understanding of the present invention may be had from the accompanying drawings and descriptive matter in which is illustrated and described a preferred embodiment of the invention.

ln the drawings:

Fig. 1 is a diagrammatic or schematic showing of one embodiment of this invention;

Fig. 2 is a diagram useful in explaining this invention;

Fig. 3 is also a diagram useful in explaining this invention.

The invention is disclosed as applied to controlling the quality of the product of the industrial process under control.

Fig. 1 shows a pipe 1 through which ows the fluid, whose quality is to be controlled. Bypass pipes 2 and 3 conduct a portion of the fluid owing through pipe 1 through a measuring element 4.

Measuring element 4 may comprise an element commercially known as Plant Stream Analyzer manufactured by Process Controls, Division of Baird Associates, inc., il University Road, Cambridge 38, Massachusetts. Measuring element 4 operates by applying infra red rays to the uid ilowing through bypass pipes 2 and 3. The composition of the uid causes the measuring element 4 to operate the transmitter 5.

Transmitter 5 may well be a self-balancing potentiometer mechanism having an output in the form of a variable air pressure. Such a mechanism is shown in U.S. Patent 2,423,540, patented .Tuly 8, 1947, to Walter P. Wills.

Transmitter 5, Whose output comprises a variable air pressure, has an output conduit 6 which divides into two branches 6A and 6B. Branch 6A also divides into two branches 6A1 and 6A2.

Branch 6A2 communicates with a rst measured-variable indicator or recorder comprising a pneumatic receiver, generally indicated at 7, having a rigid casing 7A and a flexible wall each as bellows 7B. Bellows 7B has a mechanical connection S with a pointer 9, which is pivoted on a stationary pivot 10, so as to be rotated thereabout by variations in the air pressure in receiver 7. If desired, pointer 9 may have a recording pen (not shown) on its tip cooperating with a chart driven at a uniform speed to make a record thereon.

Branch conduit 6A1 communicates with a receiver 15 in the form of a chamber in a first, reverse-acting controller A of the stack type. Controller A is called reverse-acting because an increase in the pressure in the measured variable chamber 15 causes a decrease in the pressure in the motor chamber 19 and, consequently, a decrease in the pressure put out by relay chamber 21. Controller A comprises a rigid casing AC divided into a plurality of chambers 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, and 18 by means of flexible diaphragms A1, A2, A3, A4, A5 and A6 or by rigid walls W1 and W2. Diaphragms A3, A4, A5 and A6 are connected together by a rigid rod AD located in the center or axis of the controller stack.

Diaphragms A1, VA2, A3 and A6 apply pressure of the air in the chambers 11, 13, 15, 17 and 18, respectively. Consequently these diaphragms are large relative to the diaphragms A4 and A5, which are merely sealing diaphragms and, consequently, are relatively small. Rod AD causes apper AF to move toward or away from stationary nozzle AN. Flapper AF and nozzle AN constitute a power-controlling means. A supply of filtered air under pressure (RAS.) is connected by means of pipe 23 and restriction 24 with nozzle AN.

Controller A actuates a power-amplifying relay comprising a branch conduit 25 communicating directly with supply F.A.S., with pipe 23 and with inlet chamber 22. Pipe 23, on the outlet side of rectriction 24, communi- Cates by means of branch pipe 26 with chamber 19. Chamber 19 forms the motor or operating chamber of the relay. Diaphragms A7 and A8 are connected together by a rigid rod R which has a conduit 27 of T- shape therein. An inlet valve 29 is located in a port in wall W3 and is rigidly connected to an outlet valve 23 which cooperates with the lower end of the exhaust conduit 27. i

The operation of the relay, which constitutes a poweramplifying means, is as follows. When the relay is in its normal or balanced position the inlet valve 29 and the outlet valve 28 are both closed.' The pressure in chamber 21 isgreaterthan the pressure in chamber 19 but, since the diaphragm`A8 is smaller than the dia-` phragm A7, the Vrelay valves 28 and 29 remain stationary. l 4Ifthe pressure inchamber 19 varies,rdue to the movement of' apper AF relative to nozzle AN, diaphragm A7 moves so as to open either inlet valve 29 orvexhaust valve 28.V yIf inlet valve 29 opens, air is admitted from chamber 22 to chamber 21'. If outlet valve 28 opens, airis exhausted from chamber 21 through outlet conduit 27 and chamber 20, which is open to atmosphere.

The first set-point-adjusting means, which adjust the set point ofcrontroller A, comprise a manually operable air-pressure transmitter SA. Transmitter VSA comprises a rigid casing. divided into'chambers 30, l31, 32, and 33 by rigid wall` 34 'and ,flexible diaphragms S1 and S2. Air is led from' a Vsource of air under pressure (F.A.S.) by means of pipe 40 and branchpipe` 40A to chamber 39. Diaphragrns S1 and S2V are connectedV together by a rigid rod ,RSV containing an inverted T-shaped passage 3S Outlet pipe 42P also communicates by means of branch pipe 42A2 with chambers 12 and 13 of controller A. An adjustable restriction 44 (such as a manually operable needle valve is located in branch pipe 42A2 between outlet pipe 42 and chamber 13. A restriction 45 is located in the pipe between chambers 12 and 13. Diaphragm A2, which forms the flexible Wall of chamber 13, controls the flow of air through stationary nozzle 46, which communicates with the atmosphere. Nozzle 46 is in chamber 14 to whichr air is supplied by means of an'inletpipe 47A having a restriction 48 therein and communicating with a supply of air under pressure. The pressure of theY air in chambers 13 and 14 remains equal so that these chambers i constitute a one-to-one relay. Since the pressure of the through it. Communication betweeninlet chamber 36 and Y c'ontrolled-air-pressure chamber 31'is governed byinlet valve 36. Communication'between controlled-airpres snrecha-mber 31 and outlet chamber 32 (which is open toatmosphere) is controlled by exhaust valve 37. A spring 38 bears, at one end, on rod RS and bears, at its other end, on one end of an adjustable `handle `39, which is screw threaded, or otherwise adjustably secured, in the rigid casing of the transmitter SA.

The operation of transmitter SA is as follows. When the transmitter is in its normal or balanced condition, the pressure Yof the air in chamber 31- balances the pressure of the spring 38. If it is desired to Vary the pressure of the air in chamber 31, handle 39 is adjusted so that the tension of spring 38 is varied. This causes inlet valve 36 or exhaust valve 37 to1open` and thereby admits or exhausts air from the chamber 31 and, consequently, varies the pressure thereof.

p lControlled-air-pressure chamber 31 communicates, by means of pipe 41, -with a rst set-point air-pressure indicator or recorder, generally indicated at 42. 42 comprises a rigid casing 42A and a movable wall or bellows 42B having mechanical connection 42C with a pointer 42D mounted on a stationary pivot 42E. If desired, pointer 42D may carry a recording pen (not shown) at its tip which records on a chart driven at uniform speed.4 j

Pipe 41 also communicates, by means'of branch pipe 41B, with chamber 17 of controller A. Chamber 17 is, therefore, known as Vthe set-point chamber of the controller A. Y

Y The controlled-air-pressure or outlet chamber 21 of the relay communicates, by means of pipe 42P with the final control element, generally indicated at 43. Final control element 43 comprisesV a valvefin, pipe 1 having a valve casing 43F surrounding inlet chamber 43A and outlet chamber 43B separated by wall 43K having an orifice through it at one end of which orice is formed frusto conical valve seat 43].

An air-pressure-operated motor is comprised of a rigid casing V43C having one wall thereof formed by flexible diaphragm 43D. One end of spring 43E bears against Valve casing 43E while the other end bears against diaphragm 43D and biases valve -43 lto closed position. When the pressure of the air on diaphragm V43D is sucient to overcome the bias of spring 43E, valve stem 43G lifts valve 43H of the'stationary Valve seat 43J.` Valve 43 is', therefore', known as an air-tolopen valve.

Outlet'pipe`42P communicates by means `of branch pipe 42A1 with chamber 18.V The pressure of theY air in chamber18 opposes the pressure of the air in chamber 17. Chamber 18 is, therefore, the negative feedback chamber air in chamber 13 opposes the pressureV of the air in chamber 15, which is the measured Variable pressure chamber, chamber 13 is the positive feedback chamber of controller A because the controller A is reverse-acting. Y

Restrictions 44 and 45 and their cooperating chambers 12 and 13 form means for adjusting the proportional band orV throttling range of a controller. This is done by manually. adjusting the restriction 44 to vary its .relative resistance -to the flow of air through it. The proportional band ofV controller A is a function of the percentage of the air-pressure change put out by the relay chamber 21 applied to the positive feedback chamber 13. The greater the positive feedback pressure, the narrower will be the proportional band oficontroller A. When the proportional band restriction 44 is almost fully opened, the positive feed-back pressure is only slightly less than the output pressure inpipe 42. Consequently the proportional band i'snau'pw., V When the proportional band restriction 44 is in an almost closed position, the positive feedback pressure is considerably lessrthanthe'output pressure in pipe 42. The proportional band is consequently Wide. When band restriction 44 is completely closed,`the positive feedback Indicator mum for which the controller isdesig'ned) is 150% Outletpipe 42P communicates, by means of branch pipe 42A3 containing reset restriction 49, with chamber 11 of controller A. Diaphragm A1 forms a flexible wall or offoontroller A because the controller A is Vreverse-acting.

nozzle 50which ,communicates with the atmosphere and bleeds air from chamber 12.v Y

Y The operation of. controller A is asfollows. Assume that the pressure in the measured variable pressure charn-r ber 15v isequal. to the pressure inthe set point pressure hamber'17. Now assume that a change in the measuredV variable owing inpipe 1 is sensed by measuring element 4. and transmitted by Y transmitter 5 to the measured variable chamber 15 of controller A. This causes the pressure'in chamber 15 to vary from the pressure in set point chamber 17. This causes diaphragms A3 and A6A to move rod AD` and therebyr move apper AF awaiy from or toward nozzleAN,.depending uponwhether the pressure in measured variable pressure chamber 15 goesA above or below the pressure in set pointprerssure chamber 17. Since an'increase-rinY pressure inv measured VariableV chamber 15 causes al decrease in pressure in nozzle AN, controller A is of the reverse-acting type. The variation ofthe pressure` innozzle AN varies vthe pressure in pipe 23 and, consequently, theV pressure inrelay motor chamber 19. A variation in the pressure in chamber 19 moves rod R and opens either inlet valve 29 or exhaust valve 28 and, therefore, variesthe pressures in outlet chamber 21 and, in outlet pipe 42P connected thereto. This changes the output of controller A torthe nal control valve 43 so that the ow through pipe V1 is increased or decreased.

e Fl'his change `inthe output pressure ofthe relay changes the pressure instantaneously in the. negative feedback pressure :h2 unber-1 8.` At the same time,air discharges across proportional band restriction i4-into the positive Y mi Y Y i feedback chamber 13. The magnitude of the pressure in the positive feedback chamber 13 is determined by the ratio of the resistances of the proportional band restriction i4 and the restriction 45, which may be tixed. The ratio of these resistances determines the ratio of the pressures in chambers l2 and i3 of the one-to-one relay.

A change in pressure in air in outlet pipe 42B also causes air to discharge through the reset restriction 49 into the chamber il. A change in the air pressure in chamber ll positions diaphragm AIL with respect to exhaust nozzle 5t) until the pressure in chambers 11 and l2 are equal. The pressure bleed across the reset restriction 49 continues until the pressure in the positive feedback chamber is equal to the pressure in the negative feedback chamber. The corrective change is then suicient to cause the controller A to balance at the new value determined by the pressure in the set point chamber.

The hrst measured variable indicator or recorder 7, the nrst set-point-adjusting means SA, and the iirst or reverse-acting controller A are each duplicated except that the controller B is direct-acting and not reverseacting as is controller A.

The transmitter 5 communicates by means of pipes 6, 6B and 6B2 with the second measured-variable-indicator or recorder, generally indicated at B7. Indicator or recorder B7 comprises a rigid casing B7A having a exible wall or bellows B7B which has a mechanical connection B8 with a pointer B9 pivoted on a stationary pivot Bl@ so as to be rotated by the changes in the pressure of the air applied to bellows B7B.

The second set-point-adjusting means, which adjust the set point of controller B, comprise a manually operable air-pressure transmitter SB. Transmitter SB comprises a rigid casing divided into chambers 39B, B, 32B, and 33B by rigid wall 34B and iiexibl'e diaplu'agms SlB and SZB. Air is led from a source of air under pressure (BAS.) by means of pipe 4i) and branch pipe 40B to chamber ilB. Diaphragms SlB and 52B are connected together by a rigid rod BSB containing an inverted T- shaped passage 35B through it. Communication between inlet chamber 39B and controller-air-pressure chamber SiB is governed by inlet valve 36B. Communication between controlled-air-pressure chamber 31B and outlet chamber 32B is controlled by exhaust valve 37B. A spring 38B bears, at one end, on rod RSB, and bears, at itsother end, on one end of an adjustable handle 39B which is screw threaded or otherwise adjustably secured in the rigid casing of the transmitter SB.

The operation of the transmitter SB is exactly the same as the operation of the transmitter SA.

Controlled-air-pressure chamber 31B communicates, by means of pipe B4?. with a second set-point air-pressure indicator or recorder, generally indicated at B42. Indicator B42 comprises a rigid casing 3342A and a movable wall or bellows B42B having a mechanical connection BdIZC with a pointer B42!) mounted on a stationary'pivot BLE-2E so as to be rotated about the stationary pivot by changes of -the pressure of the air applied to bellows Brzl2B. If desired, pointer B421) may have a recording pan on its tip.

A second, direct-acting controller B comprises a rigid casing BC divided into a plurality of chambers lB, ZB, 13B, 14B, 15B, 16B, 17B, and 18B by means of flexible diaphragms B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, and B6 or by rigid walls WlB and NZB Diaphragms B3, B4, B5, and B6 are connected together by a rigid rod BD located in the center or axis of the controller stack. Rod BD causes a flapper BF to move toward or away from stationary nozzle BN. Flapper BF and nozzle BN constitute a power-varying means. A supply of filtered air under pressure (F.A.S.) is connected by means of pipe 23 and restriction 24 with nozzle BN.

Controller B also actuates the power-amplifying relay because nozzle BN communicates through pipe 23 and d branch pipe 26 with the motor chamber 19 of the relay.

Transmitter 5 communicates by means of pipe 6, 6B, and 6Bl with chamber lSB. Chamber 15B is, consequently, the measured variable chamber of the controller B. Since an increase in pressure in chamber 15B causes iiapper BF to move closer to nozzle BN, controller B is direct-acting. Outlet pipe 421 communicates by means of branch pipe 42131 with chamber 18B. The operation of controller B is exactly the same as the operation of controller A except that controller B is direct-acting while controller A is reverse-acting.

Fig. 2 is a diagram showing the way `the device of this invention operates. The vertical axis at the left of Fig. 2 is marked in a scale showing the percentage of the composition of the uid iiowing in pipe l and measured by measuring element 4. 1For example, this composition may vary from 10 percent to 20 percent. The vertical axis on the right of Fig. 2 is marked with the output pressure of transmitter 5. This pressure varies from 3 to l5 pounds per square inch (p.s.i.). The proportional band of controller A is adjusted to l0 percent by suitable adjustment of the restrictions 44 and 45. The proportional band of controller B is likewise adjusted to l0 percent by suitable adjustment of the restrictions 44B and 45B. The set point of controller B is adjusted to a value of 8.2 p.s.i. by suitable, manual adjustment of set-point-adjusting means SB. The set point of controller A is adjusted to a value of 9.6 p.s.i. by suitable adjustment of manually operable set-point-adjusting means SA.

Fig. 3 is a diagram showing in schematic form the restriction 24, the pipe 23, the relay, the nozzles AN and BN, the flappers AF and BF, and the iinal control element 43. Fig. 3 also shows the directionrin which the measured-variable pressure (M.V.) and the set-point pressure (SP.) actuate the appers AF and BF, respectively, and the way in which the positions of the appers AF and BF Vary as the measured-variable pressure is less than equal to or more than the set-point pressure (SB).

Refer to Figs. 2 and 3 and assume that the foregoing proportional band and set point adjustments have been made and that the process is ready to be started up. As the output pressure from transmitter 5 increases from its initial value of 3 p.s.i., the apper BF remains away from nozzle BN because the pressure (M.V.) in measured-variable-pressure chamber 15B is less than 7.8 p.s.i. and consequently less than the set point pressure (SP.) of 8.2 p.s.i. in chamber 17B. At the same time, flapper AF remains against nozzle AN because the measuredvariable pressure (M.V.) in chamber l5, which tends to move apper AF away from nozzle AN, is less than 9.0 p.s.i. and consequently less than the set-point pressure (SP.) in chamber 17, which is 9.6 p.s.i. The final control element 43 is closed because the air pressure applied to diaphragm 43D is a minimum.

When the pressure in the measured-variable-pressure chambers 15 and 15B reaches 7.8 p.s.i., dapper BF starts to move towards nozzle BN, because the controller B has entered its proportional band. At the same time, dapper AF remains closed on nozzle AN, because controller A has not yet entered its proportional band.

When the pressure in the measured-variable chambers 15 and 15B reaches 9.0 p.s.i., apper BF has closed against nozzle BN, because the upper limit of the proportional band of controller B has been reached. At the same time, apper AF remains closed on nozzle AN because the pressure in measured-variable chamber 15 is 9.0 p.s.i., which is still below the set point pressure of 9.6 p.si. The final control element 43 is open because the air pressure applied to diaphragm 43D is a maximum.

However, the controller B is now leaving its proportional band while the controller A is entering its proportional band. Consequently, apper BF remains closed against nozzle BN because the pressure in measured-variable chamber 15B remains greater than the-pressure Yin the set-point chamber 17B, which` is 8.2 p.s.i. Simultaneously,apper AF starts to Vleave nozzle AN, because the pressureV in measured-variable chamber-15 has risen into the proportional band of controller A. When the pressure in the measured-variable chambers 15 andV 15B reaches 10.2 p.s.i., flapper BF remains closed against nozzle BN because the process-variable chamber pressure is greater than 8.2 psi., which is lthe set-point pressure in chamber 17B. At the same time, flapper AF has -moved to the extreme limit of its movement away from nozzle'AN, because the controller A has reached theupper limit '(10.2' p.s.i.)' of'its proportional band and, consequently, the pressure in the measured-variable cham'- ber 15 is greater than the pressure (9.6 p.s.i.) in the set point chamber 17. The nal control element 43 is closed because the air pressure applied to diaphragm 43D is a minimum; Y Y f The foregoing is merely one, illustrative example of the set-point pressures and the Vproportional bands which may be employed. The device of this invention is extremely iiexible so that overlapping proportional bands, coinciding proportional bands, or widely spaced proportional bands may be employed, as desired. Y f What is claimed is: f Y Y l. A servomechanism, including, a measuring element sensing Variations in a measured variable, a transmitter actuated by said measuringelemenn'a pair of rcontrollers each having means operable by said transmitter to vary a supply of power in the sense opposite to the'sense in which said supply of power is'varied by the other controller, means in each of saidy controllers manually operable to position the power-varying means in said controller at a set point representingthat value ofthe measured variable which itis desired that the controller maintain, anda motor connected to each of said powervarying `means to receive power therefrom and operable by the powersupplied to said motor to actuate a nal control element.

2. A servomechanism according to claimV l, including, one power-amplifying means connected to each of said power varying means to'receive power therefrom and operable by the power supplied to saidpower-amplifying means to actuate said motor.

3.V A servomechanism according to claim l, including, means in each of-said controllers manually operable to vary the width of the Vproportional band of said controller.

`4. A servomechanism according to claim` l, including, 'an indicator connected to and actuated by said transmitter to indicate the instantaneous value of the measured variable. Y

5. A servomechanism according to claim 1, including, an indicator connected to and actuatedY by said set-pointpositioning means to indicate the value of the measured variable which said controller is set to maintain.

6. In a network connectingY a measuringelement to an elastic-iuid-pressure-actuated motor moving a tinalv control element, a measuring elementrsensing the variations in a measured variable, a pair of controllersY each communicating with a4 supply ofuid under pressure and each connected to and operated by said measuring element over a rangeV of instantaneous values` of theV measuredV variable constituting the proportional band of said controller to vary the ypressure of said iluid in a sense opposite to that in which said measuring element operates Vthe other of said controllers to vary the pressure of said uid, each of said controllers-being operated `by measuring element when the instantaneous value of the measured variable is within the proportional band of said Yone controller, manually operable means to adjust the set point of each of saidcontrollers and thereby to .vary Vthe position of the proportional band of each of said controllers relative to the proportional band of the other of saidcontrollers, and an output conduit communicating with each of-said controllers and conducting uid at a pressure varied-by. Vthat one of said controllers which isoperative, the other of said controllers being inoperative. f Y e 7. An elastic-uid-pressure-actuated control system, including, a measuring element sensing the Variations in a measured variable, a iirst apper-nozzle valve communieating with a-supply. of fluidunder pressure and operable to vary the Ypressure ofy said duid, a secondappernozzle valve communicating with a supply of uid under pressure and operable to varythe Vpressureof said liuid,

i'lrst means connecting'said measuring element to said valves whereby'said measuring elementfoperates each of said valves in a sense opposite to that- .in which said measuring elementoperates the other of said valves, second means interacting with said Erst means and operating each of said valves in a senseA opposite to that in which said second means operates theother of said valves to adjust the set points of said valves and to hold each of said valves closed when the instantaneous Vvalue of the measured variable ison one side of the proportional band of said one valve and to allow said one valve to be opened by said measuring element when the instantaneous value of the measured variable is Within or on the other side ofthe proportional band of said one valve, and an `output conduit conducting uid at a pressure varied by that one of' said ilapper-nozzle-valves which is open, the other of said dapper-nozzle valves being closed.

8. An elastic-uid-pressure-actuated Yservomechanism. including, a measuring element sensing the variations in a measured variable, a rst apper-nozzle valve communicating with a supply of uid under pressure and operable to vary the pressure of said uid, a second flapper-nozzle valve communicating with a supply of fluid under pressure and operable to vary the pressure of said iiuid, rst means connecting said measuring element to said valves whereby said measuring element operates each of said valves in a sense opposite to that in which said measuring element operates the other of said valves, second means interacting with said irst means to adjust said set point of said valves and to hold one of said valves closed when the instantaneous value of the measured variable is on one side of the proportional band of said one valve and to 'allow' said one yalve to be opened by said measuring element when the instantaneous value of the measured variable is within or on the other side of the proportionalband of Vsaid one valve and vice versa, relay means communicating with a supply of fiuid under pressure and operable by said first and said second flapper-nozzle valves to vary the pressure of said fluid, and an output conduit conducting fluid at a pressure varied by said relay means in response to that one of said dapper-nozzle valve which'is opened, the other of' said ldapper-nozzle valves being closed.

References Cited in the le ofthis patent UNITED STATES PATENTSV 1,565,156 Janson Dec. 8, 192,5 1,566,850 FrenneY Dec. 22, 1925 2,809,714 Sims Oct. l5, 1957 2,834,363 Pessen Y May 13, 1958 2,864,399 Hartz Dec. 16, 1958 

